Показаны сообщения с ярлыком countries. Показать все сообщения
Показаны сообщения с ярлыком countries. Показать все сообщения

понедельник, 28 сентября 2026 г.

🚰 Countries with the safest drinking water (EPI 2026)


 The Yale Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a data-driven method that ranks countries on environmental health and ecosystem vitality. Produced biennially by Yale University and Columbia University, it provides a scorecard that helps nations see how close they are to established environmental policy goals.


How the EPI is Determined
The index uses a hierarchical framework to calculate an overall score out of 100 for each country.
1. Core Policy Objectives
The EPI evaluates performance across two primary objectives:
  • Environmental Health: Measures threats to human health, such as air quality, drinking water safety, and heavy metal exposure.
  • Ecosystem Vitality: Measures the health of natural systems and resources, including biodiversity, forests, fisheries, agriculture, and climate change mitigation.
2. Indicators and Data Collection
  • 30+ Performance Indicators: The two core objectives are broken down into specific categories (e.g., Climate Change, Air Quality, Sanitation & Drinking Water). These categories are measured using dozens of precise data points.
  • Global Data Sources: The data is pulled from third-party research institutions, international organizations (like the UN and WHO), and government agencies.
3. Scoring Methodology
  • Proximity-to-Target: Instead of just comparing countries against each other, the EPI uses a "proximity-to-target" methodology.
  • Baseline Benchmark: Each indicator has a specific target based on international treaties, scientific consensus, or best practices (e.g., zero carbon emissions or 100% access to safe sanitation).
  • Final Score: A country’s score reflects how close or far it is from achieving that ideal target. A score of 100 means a country has fully met the environmental goal for that category.

суббота, 18 апреля 2026 г.

World's largest cities by population in millions, 1950 - 2026

 



As of early 2026, Jakarta (approx. 42 million) and Dhaka (approx. 37 million) are leading as the world's most populous cities, with Tokyo's population slightly declining but remaining a top contender. The list is dominated by Asian cities, with 21 of the 34 megacities (over 10M) located in Asia. This marks a dramatic shift from 1950, when New York was the only megacity, growing to a landscape where Tokyo dominated for decades, now moving toward faster-growing cities in Africa and Asia.

 

Top 10 Largest Cities (2026 Projections)

·        Jakarta, Indonesia: ~42.46 million (often cited in top spot due to urban sprawl)

·        Dhaka, Bangladesh: ~37.43 million

·        Tokyo, Japan: ~37.1 million (slightly declining)

·        Delhi, India: ~35.5 million

·        Shanghai, China: ~31.0 million

·        Guangzhou, China: ~23.5 million (Note: Some data sources, such as CityPopulation.de, place Guangzhou higher based on different agglomeration metrics)

·        Cairo, Egypt: ~23.5 million

·        Sao Paulo, Brazil: ~23.1 million

·        Mexico City, Mexico: ~23.0 million

·        Beijing, China: ~22.9 million

Key Historical Shifts (1950 - 2026)

·        1950: New York was the world’s largest city.

·        1955-2025: Tokyo was the most populous, peaking over 37 million.

·        2026/Future: Rapid growth in cities like Kinshasa and Dhaka is expected to change the ranking, with Delhi expected to become the largest by 2050.

·        Regional Dominance: The 1950s saw Western cities dominate, while current data shows 9 out of 10 top cities are in Asia.

 Important Context on Data

·        Urban Agglomeration vs. City Proper: Population figures vary significantly based on whether metrics define the city by city limits, metro area, or total urban agglomeration.

·        Fastest Growth: Africa and Asia are currently seeing the most rapid increases in urban population.