What Earth Would Look Like If Only 100 People Lived Here

 

If Earth had just 100 people:
↳ 34 doesn't have internet
↳ 13 can't read or write
↳ 8 don't have clean water
↳ 8 live on less than $2 a day

And you're reading this on LinkedIn.
Think about that for a second.

The truth is:
You're already in the top 1%

7 ways to use your luck to get unstuck:

1/ Turn Knowledge Into Action
↳ Pick one course (not five)
↳ Study 25 mins every morning
↳ Teach someone what you learned

2/ Create Your Success Routine
↳ Wake up 45 mins earlier
↳ Read 10 pages before screens
↳ Write 3 goals before email
↳ Small wins compound quickly

3/ Build Real Connections
↳ Message 2 new people daily
↳ Share their wins (not just yours)
↳ Ask how you can help them

4/ Master Your Money
↳ Learn one money skill monthly
↳ Track every dollar for 30 days
↳ Knowledge equals freedom

5/ Boost Your Energy
↳ Walk 15 mins at lunch
↳ Sleep 7+ hours (non-negotiable)
↳ High energy unlocks everything else

6/ Create Instead of Consume
↳ Write one helpful post weekly
↳ Share three lessons you learned
↳ Build something small daily

7/ Practice Deep Gratitude
↳ List 3 unique blessings daily
↳ Help one person without asking
↳ Grateful people grow faster

https://tinyurl.com/ycx6umj3

https://cutt.ly/dt1J7mqa

All planets can fit between the Earth & Moon

 

Earth has been hiding a fifth layer in its inner core

 

Scientists say they've detected a new, mysterious layer at the center of our home planet. The discovery could unearth more about Earth's history.

By Donna Sarkar 

One of geology's basic principles is that the Earth is made up of four layers: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. But this may be squashed in light of a new study that suggests Earth actually has a distinct fifth layer that's been under our feet all along.

Researchers at the Australian National University (ANU) say that the new layer they uncovered is located within Earth's inner core. Deeper analysis of this discovery could help scientists better understand our planet's history and evolution.

A peek inside Earth

Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth formed. The story starts with the planet's interior or rocky core, which formed through the collision of heavy elements. The core, found at the center of the Earth, is made up of two parts. The outer layer, comprised of liquid iron alloy, is about 1,355 miles thick. The outer core is also thought to be responsible for Earth’s magnetic field. In contrast, the inner core is made up of solid iron alloy with a radius of 760 miles.

Next comes the mantle, which sits directly above the core. This layer is composed of mostly silicate rocks that are rich in magnesium and iron. The mantle has a thickness of about 1,793 miles, making it Earth's thickest layer. The thinnest and most brittle layer is the crust, however. It varies between 18.6 to 43.5 miles in thickness and forms the outermost layer of our home planet.

Earth's layers before the discovery of the innermost-inner core. The newest layer is situated just below the inner core.

OSweetNature/Shutterstock

The fifth layer

Scientists have long suspected that Earth's inner core was made of two layers. But it wasn't until ANU researchers took a closer look at what lies below that an “innermost inner core" was confirmed.

Their work revealed a distinct change in the structure of iron deep within the inner core at about 3,604 miles below the Earth's surface. You may recall from earlier that the inner core consists of solid iron alloy. This is due to high pressure deep within the Earth that stops the iron alloy from melting. But distinct structural changes were detected in this iron alloy that set apart the newly discovered innermost layer from the rest of the inner core.

According to Salon, this discovery led the researchers to believe that the change in structure may have been caused by an unknown, dramatic event early in Earth’s history. Further examination of this tiny layer may provide additional details around how our planets formed.

“The details of this big event are still a bit of a mystery, but we've added another piece of the puzzle when it comes to our knowledge of the Earths' inner core,” said the study’s lead author and researcher, Joanne Stephenson, in a statement.

Behind the scenes of the discovery

Seismic monitoring allows us to gain a better understanding of Earth's interior. This is made possible by measuring sound waves that are created by earthquakes and pass through Earth's layers. By analyzing how the different layers cause the sound waves to slow down, scientists can catch a glimpse of what lies below.

The recent discovery was made with the aid of a special search algorithm that researchers used to compare thousands of models of the inner core with decades worth of data on how long seismic waves take to travel through Earth. This data, gathered by seismograph stations all over the world, helped detect the changes in the structure of iron in the inner core. These findings helped confirm that Earth’s inner core has another layer.

Although this work is still being analyzed, the discovery of a new layer may pave the way for a new geological principle and prompt textbooks to be rewritten.

https://bit.ly/3sMZmIs

Real time satellites in Google Earth

FAVORITE IMAGES OF THE WEEK - 15

Living and breathing

Hannah Cohen / MIT

1 of 5

Most of us sweat a lot when we work out. And while many workout clothes today have been specifically designed to help sweat evaporate more easily, none of them had done so using bacteria. Until now. A group of researchers at MIT developed a prototype that uses B. subtilis—when it comes in contact with sweat, it absorbs the moisture and relaxes, allowing the clothing to relax, too. The researchers say this new tech is just a stepping stone on the way to developing a shirt that can also make your sweat smell good.

No dye needed

Joshua Stevens/NASA

2 of 5

This lake isn't great for swimming. Located in Northern Tanzania, Lake Natron is one of the most inhospitable places in the world. Because its located just beneath a volcano, the lake receives a steady supply of molten lava, the contents of which turns the lake its fiery red color. While most living creatures wouldn't survive one second in that water, some salt-loving extremist bacteria bask in the briny depths. The image here of the lake was taken this past March via the The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.

Lift off

Rocket Lab

3 of 5

New Zealand's first commercial rocket took to the skies this week, following three scrubbed attempts. The Electron Rocket, which belongs to New Zealand's Rocket Lab company, stands only at 55 feet tall. It could become an inexpensive way to place small satellite systems into space.

Jupiter up close

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles

4 of 5

New images from NASA's Juno mission, which launched in 2011 and went into orbit around Jupiter in August of last year, show the gassy planet's turbulent atmosphere. This one, which NASA just released this past week, shows that both of Jupiter's poles contain swirling storms the size of Earth.

Shape shifters

Michael Indresano Production

5 of 5

Can't decide on what shape of pasta you want? Perhaps one day you might not have to. A group of researchers from MIT used the adaptive absorption of gelatin to develop a pasta sits flat in its packaging, but then forms into 3D shapes when it comes into contact with water. With some more research, they think consumers could even design their own shapes at home. Here's a cool video of the process in action.

FAVORITE IMAGES OF THE WEEK - 9

Gerardo Aizpuru

Jewel Caterpillar

The Jewel Caterpillar--probably, though it hasn't been formally confirmed, an Acraga coa, belonging to a family of moths known as Alceridae--is sometimes known as a "slug caterpillar" due to gooeyness. This one was photographed near Cancun, Mexico. [via BoingBoing]

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Super Earth

This artist's concept of a so-called "super Earth" is a representation of a first-of-its-kind view that NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope caught this week. For the first time, we've seen direct light from a super Earth, "using its sensitive heat-seeking infrared vision." The planet is incredibly close to the star it orbits, and probably has a rocky core surrounded by both liquid and gaseous water. Read more here.

Wikimedia Commons

London Rooftop Missiles

We learned last week that, to protect the games or possibly just freak us the hell out, some London residents will play host to rooftop missiles during the Olympics. Here's what that missile will look like: a Starstreak High Velocity Missile. Read more here.

Tony LaCasse/New England Aquarium

Calico Lobster

This is a calico lobster. Caught off the coast of Maine, it was originally going to be eaten, because obviously, lobsters are delicious, that's what you do with them. But it's weird coloration (only 1 in 30 million are colored this way) led it to the New England Aquarium instead. Read more here.

Reuters/Darley Shen

DIY Double-Seater Sub

Zhang Wuyi, a farmer, created this double-seater sub--one of six. To see more photojournalism like this, head over to American Photo Mag.

USGS

Earth as Art

The U.S. Geological Survey occasionally exhibits some of the amazing satellite imagery taken of our planet--even though the satellite is for scientific purposes, sometimes it produces just stunningly beautiful images. Read more here.

BIG

Skyscraper

A Danish architecture firm called BIG have designed an apartment building, or group of buildings, or something, that is/are shaped like a hashtag. #Unlikely but #supercool. Read more here.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Black Hole Revs Up

This artist's concept of the galaxy Arp 220 is based on data picked up by the Hubble Space Telescope. It's meant to show how a black hole that's revving up in power can suppress a galaxy's ability to birth new stars. Read more here.

Wenceslao T. Medina, Andre ́s A. de la Llera, Juan L. Condori, and Jose ́ M. Aguilera

Cereal Science

In one of our favorite stories of the week, a team of scientists sought to answer a question that has plagued absolutely nobody for absolutely no time: why does cereal taste better with milk than with water? Included in the article (which had amazing quotes) were these precise/hilarious magnified shots of soggy breakfast cereal.

The 10 best science images, videos, and visualizations of the year

These are the 2017 winners of the Vizzies Challenge.

By PopSci Staff

We are all too aware of how hard it can be to explain science. Describing concepts, theories, processes, and phenomena use up a lot of words—and even after careful consideration those words can fall short. That's why for the last three years Popular Science has teamed up with the National Science Foundation to honor the best science visualizations out there.

As part of this year's Vizzies, we're highlighting an intricate illustration of brain neurons and a visual explainer of humming bird tongues. We're celebrating a lexicon of American Sign Language and a photo of how hungry starfish larva move the water around them.

How did we select the best of the best? Experts selected by the National Science Foundation judged hundreds of entries on their impact, ability to make a complex subject easier to understand, and originality. This panel of experts pared down the list to 50 finalists—10 illustrations, 10 interactive designs, 10 photographs, 10 posters and graphics, and 10 videos. Those 50 visualizations were put up for public review. The final result: One experts' choice winner and one people's choice winner per category.

These are our winners:

Photography: Expert's Choice

William Gilpin, Vivek N. Prakash, Manu Prakash

A Hungry Starfish Larva

The "Hungry Starfish" is a fundamentally Californian product. William Gilpin, a PhD candidate in physics at Stanford University, found out the school was offering classes at its marine village on the Pacific Ocean. So he and his fellow researchers headed out, ready for a break from the lab. What they ended up finding surprised them: starfish move using hundreds of elaborate, tube-like feet, and they also seem to control the waters around them.

When they headed back to the lab, they found very little research had been done on the way starfish move the water around them, so they set about finding—and illustrating—the answer themselves. "Hungry Starfish" is essentially an elaborate time lapse photo, created when all of the vortices the starfish makes were imaged and combined into one surprisingly delicate image of the starfish's superpower. Those vortices aren't just for fun: they're for softly pulling algae into a starfish larva's tiny mouth.

Photography: People's Choice

Ryan Truby, Lori K. Sanders, Michael Wehner, Robert J. Wood, Jennifer A. Lewis

The Octobot, A Completely Soft Machine

Soft robots—ones made entirely out of squishy materials—are about to take over. They're theoretically safer and more resilient than metallic mechanoids, but scientists haven't quite figured out practical ways to make every part of a robot mushy. Octobot is a step (or eight) in the right direction: it's entirely soft, powered by chemical reactions that push fluid and gas into its limbs.

As Harvard researchers worked to design the bot, they frequently used fluorescent dyes to better visualize its intricate inner-workings. "To us, these dyes always made the 3D printed Octobots so beautiful, and we thought that they would make for an awesome photograph," says study co-lead Ryan Truby, a PhD candidate in applied physics. "We hope our photograph will appeal to the imaginations of both academic and broader audiences interested in robots and inspire a vision of future entirely soft robots like the Octobot."

Illustration: Expert's Choice

Greg Dunn, Brian Edwards, and Will Drinker

Hundreds of thousands of neurons in the brain. Self Reflected Under White, Red, and Violet Light

It took data from “essentially dozens if not hundreds” of scientific sources to create this intricate image of the brain, says team lead Greg Dunn, a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania.

Combining hand drawings, optical engineering, gilding (the process of etching into gold), and other artistic and technical processes, they created this depiction of about 500,000 neurons hard at work. It’s “a reminder that the most incredible machine in the universe” is inside each of us, the team wrote.

Self Reflected was featured at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, with the goal of prompting viewers to consider what looking at an elaborate representation of the brain looks like from inside the brain. In addition to this image of the full brain viewed from the side, Dunn’s team generated a variety of other works with different focuses and resolutions.

Illustration: People's Choice

David S. Goodsell

Zika Virus

Every month, the RCSB Protein Data Bank shares a “Molecule of the Month.” This zika virus had the honor of being the featured image for May 2016.

The zoomed-in illustration reveals something of a topographic map of the infecting agent. It shows not just the envelope that encircles the virus, but also the RNA (in yellow) that lives inside it and allows it to replicate. When the image was first published, scientists had been aware of the virus for almost 70 years, but understanding of the disease was limited. “Study of Zika virus has gained new importance because of the recent spread of the virus in many countries around the globe and its connection to birth defects and a rare neurological disease,” the illustrator wrote at the time.

Interactive: Expert's Choice

Amy Myrbo, Sijia Ai, Reed McEwan, Alex Morrison, Shane Loeffler

Flyover Country

Shane Loeffler started working on his app, Flyover Country, when he realized his undergraduate studies in geoscience at the University of Minnesota provided him with a unique—and entertaining—view on flying

“I was flying over the San Rafael Swell,” he says, “and I could look down and I had been down there hitting those rocks with hammers, and now I’m above, reading a Wikipedia article [about the features below].” The app uses GPS signals to show people the topography of the land beneath them, as well as special features, like sites where dinosaur fossils are embedded in the soil. Loeffler, who is working with a small team to further develop the app, says it can also be used to enhance hiking and camping, road trips, and other more earth-bound activities.

Interactive: People's Choice

Naomi Caselli, Zed Sevcikova Sehyr, Ariel Cohen-Goldberg, Ben Tanen, Karen Emmorey

ASL-LEX: A Visualization of American Sign Language

American Sign Language is a language like any other—but it can’t be easily organized like a traditional English dictionary. This and other barriers make it hard for parents of deaf children to aid them in language acquisition, says Naomi Caselli, a lecturer on Deaf Studies at Boston University's School of Education.

Caselli and her team decided to take all of the ASL data available to them and organize it in a new way. ASL-LEX organizes 1,000 signs into groups based on things like similar hand shape or movement. What’s more, these little nodes are sized according to their common usage, so words like “book” are a little easier to find than a word like “castle.” It’s already helping hearing teachers and parents communicate with deaf children, and Caselli says the researchers are working hard to ensure that trend continues.

Posters and Graphics: Expert's Choice

Eleanor Lutz

Here There Be Robots

Eleanor Lutz isn't an astronomer—she's pursuing a PhD in biology at the University of Washington—but she loves sifting through the data that NASA makes public. That's how she got the idea to map Mars—with a Victorian twist. "Unlike other planetary maps, this map uses a Victorian style inspired by medieval cartographers," Lutz says. "Victorian-style maps are from a time when most of the world remained a mystery, and travelers only knew about nearby lands. Now that people have mapped the entire globe, I think that Mars has taken over our collective imagination as the next mystery to explore. I wanted to make the geography of Mars more tangible to the general public."

The hardest part? Fact-checking the name of each feature. "Since everything on the map is a proper noun, I had to go through and manually make sure every single landmark name and the name origin were spelled correctly."

Posters and Graphics: People's Choice

Chun Chun Ng

Micro-pumping Mechanism of Hummingbirds Tongues

When Esther Ng set out to visualize a hummingbird’s tongue, she had no idea where her work would take her. At the time, no one was really sure what a hummingbird tongue looked like, though new discoveries about the little bird’s micro-pumping abilities were all the rage.

“It's so tiny,” says Esther, a student at the University of Illinois focusing on scientific and medical illustrations. “Even with a video, it's very hard to catch.” To fix this, she headed to the Field Museum in Chicago. “They let me borrow [the bird] to look under a microscope, to pull the tongue out and draw how it is,” she says. It was nothing like she imagined, but those surprises are what make her work so enjoyable.

Video: Expert's Choice

Network Earth - Video Dailymotion: Earth is animated by complex interactions between its life forms, rocks, atmosphere, and water. All living creatures—animals and plants, bacteria, fungi, and others—are involved in a worldwide, multi-layered web of cooperation. In this video we explore, as an example, the connections that exist between Ants and Plants, and we discover the resilience and fragility of this network. Our life depends on the health status of these and many other connections between all life forms, and the film shows how it is possible now to monitor these connections and identify whether ecological systems are in danger of failing.

"The situation is very tragic," data visualizer Mauro Martino says of climate change. It's so sad, in fact, that on many researchers "you can smell the sadness," Martino adds. It makes sense: they've dedicated decades of their life and career to researching disasters and impending doom. But Martino, the creator and director of IBM's Cognitive Visualization Lab, strives to turn their data into more upbeat, visual stories that people want to watch and share with their friends.

In "Network Earth," Martino and his team created a film that shows the interconnections between all life on Earth. It was created to accompany a research paper on Earth's resilience published in Nature. While the paper was theoretical, Martino says, the video aims to show that "math can be poetically expressed visually" and made to feel real and tangible to viewers around the world.

Video: People's Choice

When astronomers Michael Brown and Konstantin Batygin published the best-ever evidence for the existence of a ninth planet—a massive world orbiting in the farthest reaches of our solar system—the hunt for the mysterious celestial body captured the public's imagination. This video for Chicago's Adler Planetarium uses that fascinating research to show visitors how such scientific explorations unfold.
"Our goal with this show was not to teach people about Planet Nine, and it certainly wasn’t to convince them that Planet Nine exists," says Patrick McPike, a visual engineer at the planetarium. "The show is really about the excitement and process of scientific discovery. We hope that the show gets people more involved in science, whether that is by following science news more closely or by studying it themselves."

FAVORITE IMAGES OF THE WEEK - 6

NASA

Beauty In The World

NASA's GOES-16 satellite, which launched in November of last year, sent back its first images to Earth this week—and they are gorgeous. The satellite captures images in 16 different wavelengths of light, allowing scientists to better study atmospheric conditions. In the process, it makes some really nice looking images of our lovely planet. Don't believe me? Take a closer look here.

Smithsonian/National Zoo

Cuteness Needed

Zoos and aquariums across the country decided we needed an infusion of cuteness after this long week of political news. So they started a #cuteanimaltweetoff on Twitter, with each facility posting the cutest animal photo they have. If you need a bright spot in your day, this is sure to cheer you up. Here's a newborn female gray seal pup, born on Saturday at the National Zoo and posted on the Smithsonian's twitter account.

H/T The New York Times

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

Death Star Moon

This is not a screenshot from Star Wars. It's a moon in our solar system that looks eerily similar to the Death Star. Orbiting Saturn, Tethys boasts a huge, suspiciously cinematic crater.

Jose C. E. Mendoza

Harry The Crab

Meet the newest Harry Potter character—except this one doesn't do magic. Instead, you can find him crawling around near the coast of Guam. A group of researchers announced this week that the newest species of crab discovered would be named Harryplax severus, a combination of the main character in the popular children's book series and the misunderstood Severus Snape.

YouTube

Firefighting Jetpack

Yes, that's a man in a jetpack, and yes, he's putting out a fire. First responders in Dubai tested out the new Dolphin jetpack this week. The system seems to lift the rider into the air via a tube, allowing him a better angle for putting out the fire. Read our take on how it works here.

Boeing

Sky High Fashion

The first astronauts traveling to space with private companies are going to fly in style. Boeing just released its new spacesuit, which is meant to be more comfortable and less bulky than NASA's current offerings. Hopefully it will be just as functional, too.

FAVORITE IMAGES OF THE WEEK - 4

NASA/Clouds AO/SEArch

Home Sweet Icy Martian Home

Long-term exposure to radiation is one of the biggest threats to human health in space. But these cute, cozy-looking ice domes could help. The hydrogen found in ice is an excellent shield against the radiation that exists outside of Earth's protective atmosphere. These domes are inflatable, with an outer layer that gets filled with water and freezes, providing a welcoming, radiation-free living space. So if we ever do make it to the red planet, the Mars Ice Homes, as they are called, could be real life savers.

NASA/JSC

A Farming Community Seen From Space

This image, taken aboard the International Space Station, displays one of the most remote areas of Africa: a farming region in Eastern Libya. The cluster of houses and roads in the upper right show a town called Al Jawf, which is about 900 miles from the nearest city. The different geometric configurations each represent a different irrigation method that's been tried. The honeycombs came first, followed by the large circles, which are center-pivot irrigation systems implemented to conserve water. Al Jawf gets its water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, the largest fossil water aquifer on Earth.

Cincinnati Children's

Digestion In A Petri Dish

This is no ordinary stomach. This piece of tissue, blown up under a microscope, didn't come from someone's gut. A group of scientists from Cincinnati Children's Hospital grew it, cell by cell, in a lab. With a working mini-stomach at their disposal, scientists can test new drugs, better understand current ones, and figure out how to grow bits of stomach and intestines for people who need them.

NASA/CXC/Penn State/B.Luo et al.

How Many Black Holes Do You See?

Nearly 70 percent of the tiny dots in this image are supermassive black holes—areas of intense gravity that pull in all matter around them. NASA scientists created this image by piecing together 7 million seconds of footage from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. By observing black holes in this way, scientists can figure out how they formed. They think that supermassive black holes that developed in the early days of the Universe came about in quick bursts, as opposed to forming steadily overtime.

BMW

Comfy Future Cars

The future of car travel is looking pretty darn cozy. This week, at the Consumer Electronics Showcase (CES) in Las Vegas, BMW demonstrated what they think the inside of cars will look like in 5 years. Their concept features comfortable seating and lots of storage for books and electronics in every seat of the car, including the driver's seat—features that highlight the fact that cars will one day drive us, and not the other way around.

H/T The Verge

Alan Place/University of Limerick

New Year, New Organ

Your mesentery—sections of connective tissue that keep your gastrointestinal organs in place—has been somewhat neglected in the medical community. Despite its important work, doctors and researchers never considered the structure to be its own organ, because it wasn't thought to be one continuous, multilayer structure. But a group of scientists are the University of Limerick took a second look and found that this vital structure does indeed pass these requirements. This reclassification could help scientists better understand its potential role in chronic, hard-to-treat gastrointestinal diseases, like Crohn's and irritable bowel syndrome.